Ice crystal-like structure of atomic nuclei

The properties of atoms are not endowed by electrons  (jointly endowed by the nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus, added on May 15, 2022). Atoms contain only nuclei, and extranuclear electrons do not exist. The nucleus comprises only protons, and neutrons are no different from protons. The properties of an atom depend on the number of protons and how the protons are composed.

The protons in the nucleus are not tightly packed together, and their structure is similar to ice crystals. The protons in the inner layer of the nucleus are evenly distributed and form a spherical shape. The outer protons are like the petals of an ice crystal.

The following is the structure of the nucleus that I am more confident about. Although there are still traces to follow, the specific structure is more challenging to determine when the number of protons is greater than 20 (the number of protons in neon).

Hydrogen isotopes include protium, deuterium, and tritium. Protium has the simplest structure, which is a proton. There should be no objection to the structure of deuterium, which is two protons side by side. Tritium has a structure of three protons aligned in a straight line, but this structure is unstable, and it decays into helium-3.

Atomic structure diagram of tritium

Atomic structure diagram of helium 3

Atomic structure diagram of helium 4

Atomic structure diagram of lithium 6

The atomic structure diagram of carbon 12 is similar to that of lithium 6, with two epitaxial protons and the other three protons.

Helium 4 and neon 20 and the noble gas atoms behind do not have epitaxial protons, so they cannot easily react with other atoms. The sodium atom has two more extended protons connected than the neon atom. Potassium atoms have two more connected epitaxial protons than argon atoms.

从有源共振理论出发，原子的性质并不是由原子核外的电子赋予的（原子核以及核外电子共同赋予的 2022年5月15日增）。原子只包含原子核，而核外电子是不存在的。原子核内只包含质子，中子同质子没有任何差别。原子的性质取决于质子的数量和质子的组成方式。

从力的作用出发，我认为原子核内的质子并不是紧紧挤在一起，它们的结构有些类似冰晶。原子核内层质子分布均匀并形成类球状。外部质子犹如冰晶的晶瓣。

下面是我比较确信的原子核结构。当质子数大于20时（氖的质子数），虽仍有迹可循，但具体结构就比较难以确定了。

氢的同位素包括氕氘氚，氕的结构最简单，它就是一个质子，氘的结构应该没有异议，它就是两个质子并排在一起。氚的结构是三个质子排成一条直线，但这种结构不稳定，它会衰变成氦3。

氚的原子结构图

氦3的原子结构图

氦4的原子结构图

锂6的原子结构图

碳12的原子结构图同锂6有相似之处，在另外三个质子外分别有两个外延质子。

氦4和氖20以及后面的惰性气体原子都没有外延质子，因此它们不容易和其它原子发生反应。钠原子比氖原子多了两个联连在一起的外延质子。钾原子比氩原子多了两个连在一起的外延质子。

金光年